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Albania is an ethnically homogeneous country, where the overwhelming majority of the population speaks Albanian, which is also the official language. It has two distinct dialects: Tosk, spoken in the south, and Gheg, spoken in the north. However many Albanians speak Italian, Greek, French, German, English, amongst other languages too, due to the high numbers of Albanian diaspora. Albania is one of the most polyglot nations in Europe.[1] Italian is widely spoken throughout Albania. Greek, the language of the Greek minority of the south, is also very widespread in that region. Nowadays, the knowledge of English is growing very rapidly, especially among the youth. Various languages are spoken by ethnic minorities: Greek, Macedonian, Romani, Aromanian, etc. Status of Albanian The Article 14 of the Albanian Constitution states that "The official language in the Republic of Albania is Albanian."[2] According to the 2011 population census, 2,765,610 or 98.767% of the population declared Albanian as their mother tongue ("mother tongue is defined as the first or main language spoken at home during childhood").[3] Dialects Standard Albanian is based on Tosk dialect, spoken in the south. Gheg is spoken in the north and also by Kosovo Albanians. The traditional border between the two dialects in Shkumbin River. Although they are different, they are mutually intelligible.[4][4][5] Minority languages Wall writing in Dhërmi. The text reads "Welcome to Drymades" in Greek. Minority languages in Albania include 60,000 speakers of both Greek and Romany, and small groups of Macedonians and Serbs.[4] Aromanian See also: Aromanian people § In Albania Spread of Aromanians in Albania Aromanian is the native language for about 100,000 to 200,000 Aromanians of Albania.[6][7] They mostly live in the southern and central regions of the country. The Aromanians, under the name "Vlachs", are a recognized cultural minority in the Albanian law.[8] Greek See also: Greeks in Albania Greek is the largest minority language of Albania and first largest foreign language. It is spoken by around 3% of the population of Albania however as high as 40% have knowledge of Greek.[9] The Albanian Greeks speak a modern southern Greek dialect, known as Northern Epirote.[10] Due to its geographical location and dialectal status it is not considered part the dialect continuum of Greek language varieties. Some authors have connected its status as a southern Greek dialect to migrations of Italiots to Albania in the 1480s or settlements by Maniots.[10] In addition to Albanian loanwords, it retains some archaic forms and words that are no longer used in Standard Modern Greek, as well as in the Greek dialects of southern Epirus. Despite the relatively small distances between the various town and villages, there exists some dialectal variation,[11] most noticeably in accent.[12] Macedonian See also: Macedonians of Albania According to the 1989 census, there were approximately 5,000 Macedonian language-speakers in Albania. Most of these people live in the southeastern part of the country in the Lake Prespa region.[13] Macedonians are an officially recognized minority in Pustec Municipality. However, only the Macedonians living in Pustec are allowed to declare their nationality and language. Ethnic Macedonian organization claim that 120.000 to 350,000 Macedonians live in Albania.[14] They are politically represented by the Alliance of Macedonians for European Integration, which in the 2011 elections received ~2,500 votes.[15] Romani See also: Vlax Romani language About 10,000 Romani people live in Albania today. They have preserved the language, despite the lack of education in that language.[16] Serbo-Croatian Serbo-Croatian is mostly spoken and understood in northern Albania, near the border of former Yugoslavian countries of Serbia and Montenegro.[1] The television phenomenon of Italian also happened to Serbo-Croatian, but to a lesser extent.[17] Foreign languages Italian Italian is by far the best-known foreign language in Albania.[1] Most Italian-speakers have not learnt the language in classrooms or from books, but rather by watching Italian television.[17] During the late communist regime, Albanians living in the towns along the Adriatic Sea coast had access to Italian television.[18] Many Albanians "grew skilled at rewiring their TVs to overcome [the] Albanian government's attempt to block Italian channels".[19] A large number of middle-aged and younger people grew up with the language and know it very well.[1] Among the elderly, Italian is also common as the language was used in the educational system in the 1930s, after King Zog released a decree requiring all Albanian schools to teach Italian in 1933.[20] English English is mostly popular among the younger generations of Albanians.[21][22] Since the 1990s it is the most-taught foreign language in the Albanian educational system. As of 2006, more than 65% of Albanian children have studied English.[23] The language came to Albania in 1921, when the Albanian Vocational School started to teach English with the sponsorship of the American Red Cross. The school operated until 1933.[20] The Albanian Government at the time decided to make English the country's second language.[24] Russian became the major language taught in schools after the Communists took control over the country. After the Soviet-Albanian Split in the 1960s, English came to compete with Russian.[20] A 2006 book by Mimoza Rista-Dema, a Ph.D. in Linguistics at Indiana University, describes the teaching of English during the communist era: “ Although English was taught at schools, it was considered the language of Western imperialism and as a result, elements of its culture and civilization were offered to English learners selectively.[25] ” Other French lycées in Korçë and Gjirokastër operated during the communist era, because long-time leader of Communist Albania, Enver Hoxha studied in the University of Montpellier in France and upon his rise to power allowed their activity. Albania is a member of la Francophonie. Most French-speakers in Albania can be found in these two towns and surrounding areas, but also elsewhere in the country.[1] Russian began to be taught in schools and universities in the 1950s, when it was lingua franca of the Eastern Bloc countries, part of which was Albania.[20] It continued until the Soviet–Albanian split in early 1961. Many who learnt in at the time, have forgotten most of it due to lack of usage.[1] After the ideological controversies with the USSR, Albania and China came closer. A number of Albanians studied in China and learnt Chinese there. After the collapse of communism in Albania in 1991, many young Albanians also traveled to China for education and learned the language.[1] |
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